The Deconstruction Of The Yellow Wallpaper Essay - 1196 Words

The deconstruction of The Yellow Wallpaper The topic of discussion for this essay is a story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman called The Yellow wallpaper. Firstly, several pieces of evidence within the text prove that the genre of the story is irony, in accordance with Frye s theory of myths. This essay shows exactly how those instances exemplify the genre of irony. Additionally, from a deconstructive point of view, there is a central binary of constraint and freedom. The examples from the text show both evidence of constraints within the story as well as freedom. Thus, proving this to be the central binary of this piece of literature. Finally, these two aspects can be used to show the similarities between this text and the short story How to Become a Writer by Lorie Moore. First of all the genre of this story is irony. According to Frye s theory of myths this genre contains certain characteristics like, the story displays a real world seen through a tragic lens, the protagonist is defeated, and suffers. These characteristics, along with others, can be seen throughout the text. The story consists of a female protagonist, and is seen as inferior in kind to men and her environment. During this time period, women would be considered inferior to men, which we can see within the narrator and John’s marriage. Also, on page 77, the narrator describes the room with the yellow wallpaper and it is in poor condition. It seems as though she is describing that of anShow MoreRelated`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilm Deconstruction Of Gender Roles1200 Words   |  5 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s deconstruction of gender roles in The Yellow Wallpaper. AP English 12 Mr. AuCoin Shane Caswell October 1, 2015 Shane Caswell 1 Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper is an interesting story told from the journals of a woman who progressively loses her mind being locked in her bedroom, but underneath the surface this short story shows us a woman who is at first confined by, but progressively freed from the gender roles and expectations put upon herRead MoreDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper1357 Words   |  6 PagesDeconstructive Analysis: The Yellow Wall Paper Deconstruction or poststructuralist is a type of literary criticism that took its roots in the 1960’s. Jacques Derrida gave birth to the theory when he set out to demonstrate that all language is associated with mental images that we produce due to previous experiences. This system of literary scrutiny interprets meaning as effects from variances between words rather than their indication to the things they represent. This philosophical theory strivesRead MoreShifting Away From A Traditional Feminine Image Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional feminine image is a concept woven throughout The Yellow Wallpaper, specifically exploring the balance of power between the masculine and feminine. As the narrator begins her descent into madness, her fascination with the wallpaper continues and the narrator becomes â€Å"the exemplary subject of power/knowledge† (Crewe 274). The narrator is stripping that power away from the masculine figure. When she first requested to ch ange the wallpaper John refuses on the grounds of â€Å"nothing was worse for aRead MoreSustainable Building Material...24522 Words   |  99 PagesAction Editor Kiosk/Graphic Designer: Jenny Shelton, Shelton Design Table of Contents General Requirements Introduction to Green Building Construction Waste Reduction Recycled Content Materials Reusable, Recyclable, Biodegradable Materials Deconstruction 2 4 5 6 7 This booklet, which offers a broad introduction to green building materials and waste reduction methods, was funded through waste reduction grants from the County and City of Santa Cruz Departments of Public Works. A basic overview

Informative Speech Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay

Informative Speech: Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention Getter: Some of us parents take it for granted when our kids talk so much, ask so many questions, or clown around all day long. We tend to forget how there are some parents that don’t get that right away. Topic Disclosure: Today I am going to talk to you about autism spectrum disorder. Preview: During my speech I will discuss: I. Causes of autism II. Symptoms III. Treatments Audience Link: Before doing the research on autism spectrum disorder I thought it was a disease, but not I know it’s a disorder. Autism has actually become a very common disorder and has also became well known. After my speech I hope to have given you guys a better understanding about this disorder so when you guys see the puzzled ribbon you have a clue of what it is. I. According to Kids Health (2014), â€Å"children with Autism have difference in the way their brains develop and process information†. For example, â€Å"language delay, trouble communicating with their brains, perform certain unusual or repetitive behaviors, or have difficulties learning in school† (p. 1). A. Waltz (2002) stated, â€Å"Autistic spectrum disorders are a medical puzzle. Although the symptoms can be seen, they are hard to define medically or treat. (p.1) 1. Autism is thought as a puzzle because the symptoms can be seen but they are hard to define or treat. B. Furthermore, Waltz (2002) stated, â€Å"researchers believe that autistic spectrum disorders are rooted in a complexShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1080 Words   |  5 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a term used to describe a category of conditions also referred to as pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Some of the PDD include: Autism or Autistic Disorder, Rett’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder---Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) which includes Atypical Autism (Yapko, 2003). These disorders affect three primary areas of development. First is communication, which is verbal and nonverbalRead MoreThe Spectrum Of Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesThe spectrum for autism disorders can be depicted as a scale, with end points ranging from mild to severe. Picturing an umbrella shaped scale that portrays the severity of symptoms, whether their deficits are cognitive, social, or of language; individuals diagnosed with autism or similar disorders fall into a comprehensive term of autism spectrum disorders (Hallahan et. al, 2015, p. 211). The term autism spectrum disorders derive various definitions depending on the type of professional is questionedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism2966 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Autism is the most rapidly growing developmental disorder in the U.S. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both similar terms for a group of complicated disorders of brain development. Autism Spectrum Disorders are characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and communication skills with the presence of extremely odd behaviors. Autism is a spectrum condition meaning that while all individuals with autism share somewhat common challenges in their conditionsRead MoreSocial Stories As An Intervention Model1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntervention Model Researchers have focused on studies evaluating the usefulness of various autism intervention models to improve intervention with individuals on the autism spectrum. Newer models aiming to teach these individuals various communication skills have emerged, but the lack of experimentation has researchers questioning their overall effectiveness. A large percentage of individuals along the autism spectrum have difficulties with various communication skills and require intervention to addressRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And The Childhood Autism Rating Scale Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder is an umbrella term used in diagnosing a collection of developmental disorders of the brain that vary in severity1. People with ASD may have trouble with social interactions, problems with different types of communication, may practice repetitive actions or behaviors1,2, struggle with paying attention, and suffer from motor disfunctions1. ASD is usually diagnosed in childr en between the ages of 2 and 3, this early diagnosis is very beneficial because it leads to interventionRead MoreCase Study of Child with Autism9275 Words   |  38 PagesStrategy I became increasingly interested in Autism since I had the opportunity to work alongside kids with Autism this summer. Seeing how their minds worked and how they processed information was astounding to me. Ever since this experience, I have fallen in love with children with Autism and I am always thriving to learn more about them. With this being said, I am looking to do my research on a child with Autism. I will be looking into the question how does Autism affect language development in childrenRead MoreCase Study : High Level Autistic Disorder2344 Words   |  10 PagesUnit 9 Project Case Study Tommy R. – High Level Autistic Disorder Danielle Treslan PS520: Neuropsychology Prof: Steve Lazarre 06/11/2015 Tommy R. a Case Study and Neurological Assessment Analysis Tommy R. is a 6-year-old boy and a kindergarten student in a K-8 combined elementary and junior high school in the San Jose greater metropolitan area. There has been a meeting requested by his educational team and parents to talk about his behavior in school and cognitive abilities in the classroomRead MoreAutism And What It Is All About2623 Words   |  11 PagesI decided to write about Autism and what it is all about. It is something that is on the rise and that is a huge part of the ECE world. Autism is a lifelong, developmental disability that affects how a person communicates and relates to other people, and how they experience the world around them. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both of the terms used for disorders of brain development. These disorders are different; there are different degrees to this brain development, like problemsRead MoreGroup : Group Social Skills2603 Words   |  11 Pagesdecisions and take appropriate action are planned and goal-focuse d and are short-termed in nature? (ASCA, 2014). It is important to know that school counselors do not provide long term counseling or therapy in schools that address psychological disorders. School counselors are trained to help students in a mental health crisis and needs. It is important for school counselors to know their role when it come to facilitating group sessions. A counselor should not overstep their role. The ASCA has set

A Storm in a Teacup free essay sample

People are quite unpredictable. One minute they are sweet, the other they are ready to punch you in the gut. Of course, the anger or worry has to come out from somewhere, meaning that something caused the emotions one feels. However, sometimes there is a flaw in this circle of cause and effect. It is called a storm in a teacup. So, what is it and why is it called that way? First, a storm in a teacup is an idiomatic expression which means that someone has a lot of unnecessary anger and worry about a matter that is not important. Or maybe it is important, yet not so much as to make such a big fuss about it. And one can see these things almost in everyday situations. For example, we Lithuanians have quite the feature to nag about something, anything: job, money, health, mood, time, place, etc. The things we like to nag about goes on and on. We will write a custom essay sample on A Storm in a Teacup or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And the worst part is that the things we complain about are really not that big of a deal. This kind of behavior is not present in foreign countries, though. Even so, I am surprised that we do not have an expression like â€Å"a storm in a teacup† in Lithuanian (at least not to my knowledge) Finally, I like how this idiom represents how small things are made into a big fuss. And I see how it may have originated: If you drop a sugar cube into a cup of tea from enough height, the water in the tea will splash violently in all directions; the perfect representation of a storm which happened in a teacup. So, we really ought to be more aware of our problems whether they are relatively important or not, because hearing people complaining about miniscule things is annoying.

Term Exam Sample Paper free essay sample

This sample test should only be used as a guide to the styles of questions. The topics covered here are not exhaustive. Your revision should not be based on these set of questions only. The level of difficulty of this sample test is also NOT indicative of the level of difficulty of the actual test. The answers are provided at the end of the document. 1. A reasonable estimate of the annual standard deviation of return of the stock market would be? a. Less than 5 percent. b. Between 5 and 10 percent. c. Between 15 and 25 percent d. More than 30 percent e. Impossible to estimate 2. A project has an expected cash flow of $200, in year 1. The risk-free rate is 6%, the market rate of return is 16%, and the projects beta is 1. 5. Calculate the certainty equivalent cash flow for year 1. a. $175. 21 b. $164. 29 c. $228. 30 d. $212. 56 e. None of the above 3. Share X has a standard deviation of return of 10%, share Y has a standard deviation of return of 20%. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Exam Sample Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The correlation coefficient between the shares is 0. 5. If you invest 60% of your funds in share X and 40% in share Y, what is the standard deviation of the portfolio? a. 10% b. 20% c. 12. 2% d. 14. 0% e. None of the above 4. Richard Rolls critique of tests of the capital asset pricing model is that: a. Given an efficient market portfolio the CAPM is tautology b. The market portfolio is not efficient c. You need to test the model using the market portfolio for all capital assets d. a and c e. a and b 5. The Template Corporation has an equity beta of 1. 2 and a debt beta of . 8. The firms market value debt to equity ratio is . 6. If it undertakes a new project with the same risk profile, what is the project beta (assuming zero tax rate)? a. 0. 70 b. 0. 72 c. 0. 96 d. 1. 04 e. 1. 05 6. Consider following data on three shares: Share Standard Deviation A 0. 6 B 0. 30 C 0. 20 Beta 1. 00 0. 80 1. 29 Assuming that you wished to minimise risk, you would select share if the share was held in on its own, and you would select share if the share was to be added to a portfolio. a b c d e 7. A, A A, B B, A B, C C, A In a portfolio of three different shares, which of the following is NOT possible? a. b. c. d. e. The ris k of the portfolio is less than the risk of each of the shares held in isolation. The risk of the portfolio is greater than the risk of one of the shares. The beta of the portfolio is less than the beta of each of the individual shares. The beta of the portfolio is greater than the beta of one of the individual shares betas. The standard deviation of the portfolio is greater than the standard deviation of the risk free asset. 8. You hold a diversified portfolio consisting of 20 different shares with $1,000 invested in each. The portfolio beta is equal to 1. 35. You have decided to sell all your holding of Edna Average Cosmetics Ltd which has a beta of 1. You will reinvest the proceeds in Aggressive Action Ltd which has a beta of 2. What is the new beta of the portfolio? a. b. c. d. e. 1. 35 2. 35 1. 45 1. 10 1. 40 9. A company is considering an investment in a new project. That project is best evaluated as though: a. b. c. d. e. It is a stand alone project independent of the company and so its risk is measured as variance. Its risk is adjusted to allow for diversification with the companies existing projects Its cost of capital is the weighted average cost of capital Its risk is evaluated as though it were traded in the capital markets None of the above 10 Is the portfolio with the minimum possible variance an efficient portfolio? a. b. c. d. e. Yes No Yes, but only for risk loving investors Yes, but only for investors who will not take any risk. Yes, but only for investors who are risk neutral. 11. For a two-stock portfolio, the maximum reduction in risk occurs when the correlation coefficient between the two stocks is: A) +1 B) 0 C) -0. 5 D) -1 E) None of the above 12. The variance or standard deviation is a measure of: A) Total risk B) Unique risk C) Market risk D) Bankruptcy risk E) None of the above 13. The risk of a well diversified portfolio depends upon the A) Market risk B) Unique risk of the securities included in the portfolio C) Number of securities in the portfolio D) Variance of the portfolio E) None of the above 4. A factor in APT is a variable that: A) Affects the return of risky assets in a systematic manner B) Correlates with risky asset returns in an unsystematic manner C) Is purely noise D) Affects the return of a risky asset in a random manner E) is generally not correlated with stock returns 15. A company has a cost of capital of 15%. However, it is introducing a new product that it considers to be a ver y risky endeavour to a well diversified investor. What can you say about the appropriate discount rate for the project? A) The rate used should be 15% B) The rate used should be lower than 15% C) The rate used should be greater than 15% D) Any rate between 12% and 18% is acceptable E) The rate should be the expected market return. 16 What has been the average annual rate of return in real terms for a portfolio of U. S. common stocks between 1900 and 2006? a. Less than 2% b. Between 2% and 5% c. Between 5% and 8% d. Greater than 8% e. Greater than 20% 17. Mega Corporation has the following returns for the past three years: 8%, 12% and 10%. Calculate the variance of the return and the standard deviation of the returns.

What is hypnosis Essay Example

What is hypnosis Essay Example What is hypnosis Essay What is hypnosis Essay It is actually a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Many people have questions such as: â€Å"Who can experience hypnosis? † â€Å"Can it enhance recall of forgotten events? † â€Å"Can it force people to act against their will? † â€Å"Can it help people heal or receive their pain? † Is it harmful or helpful, and etc. What do you think? Who can experience hypnosis? To an extent we are all open to suggestion.If one was standing upright, with eyes closed, and is told that they are shaking your right hand, most will start to shake your right hand. People who respond to suggestions without hypnosis are the same people who respond with hypnosis. Hypnotic ability is the ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities. Can it enhance recall of forgotten events? Most people believe t hat our experiences are in our brain and we can recall them by breaking through defenses.Sixty years of research proves that this theory is wrong. We do not â€Å"soak in† everything around us. We permanently store only some of our experiences. â€Å"Hypnotically refreshed† memories combine fact with fiction. Since 1980, UFO abductions have been reported by thousands of people who are predisposed to believe in aliens, are highly hypnotizable, and have undergone hypnosis. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? Researchers have enticed hypnotized people to perform dangerous acts such as; putting ones hand into acid, then throwing the acid in a researchers face.The hypnotized being later denied their actions, and stated that they would never follow such orders. Martin Orne and Frederich Evans Hypnosis unleashed that they used a control group. Orne asked individuals to pretend they were hypnotized. The laboratory assistants were unaware, so they treated both groups the same. The result of the experiment was that all the unhypnotized participants performed the same acts as those who were hypnotized. Can hypnosis help people heal or relieve their pain? Hypnotherapists try to help patients connect their own healing powers.Posthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. In one statistical digest of 18 studies, the average client whose therapy was supplemented with hypnosis showed greater improvement the 70 percent of other therapy patients. Hypnosis seemed especially helpful for the treatment of obesity. However, drug, alcohol, and smoking addictions have not responded well to hypnosis. In controlled studies, hypnosis did speed the disappearance of warts, but so did the same positive suggestions given without hypnosis.Hypnosis can relieve pain. When unhypnotized people put their arm in an ice bath, they felt intense pain within 25 seconds. When hypnotized people did the same after being g iven suggestions to feel no pain, they indeed reported feeling little pain. As some dentists know, light hypnosis can reduce fear, thus reducing hypersensitivity to pain. Hypnosis inhibits pain-related brain activity. In surgical experiences, hypnotized patients have required less medication, recovered sooner, and left the hospital earlier than unhypnotized control patients.Nearly 10 percent of us can become so deeply hypnotized that even major surgery can become so deeply hypnotized that even major surgery can be performed without anesthesia. Half of us can gain at least some pain relief from hypnosis. The surgical use of hypnosis has flourished in Europe, where one Belgian medical team has performed more than 5000 surgeries with a combination of hypnosis, local anesthesia, and a mild sedative. Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon Our attentional spotlight and interpretations powerfully influence our our ordinary perceptions.Might hypnotic phenomena reflect such workings of normal consc iousness, as well as the power of social influence? Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis believe they do. Does this mean that subjects consciously fake hypnosis? No, like actors caught up in their roles, they begin to feel and behave in ways appropriate for â€Å"good hypnotic subjects. † The more they like and trust the hypnotist, the more they allow the person to direct their attention and fantasies. †

What Creates the Tides and Determines Their Timing

What Creates the Tides and Determines Their Timing The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun creates tides on the earth. While tides are most commonly associated with oceans and large bodies of water, gravity creates tides in the atmosphere and even the lithosphere (the surface of the earth). The atmospheric tidal bulge extends far into space but the tidal bulge of the lithosphere is limited to approximately 12 inches (30 cm) twice a day. The moon, which is approximately 240,000 miles (386,240 km) from the earth, exerts a greater influence on the tides than does the sun, which sits 93 million miles (150 million km) from the earth. The strength of the suns gravity is 179 times that of the moons but the moon is responsible for 56% of the earths tidal energy while the sun claims responsibility for a mere 44% (due to the moons proximity but the suns much larger size). Due to the cyclic rotation of the earth and moon, the tidal cycle is 24 hours and 52 minutes long. During this time, any point on the earths surface experiences two high tides and two low tides. The tidal bulge that occurs during high tide in the world ocean follows the revolution of the moon, and the earth rotates eastward through the bulge once every 24 hours and 50 minutes. The water of the entire world ocean is pulled by the moons gravity. On the opposite side of the earth simultaneously there is a high tide due to the inertia of the ocean water and because the earth is being pulled toward the moon by its gravitational field yet the ocean water remains left behind. This creates a high tide on the side of the earth opposite the high tide caused by the direct pull of the moon. Points on the sides of the earth between the two tidal bulges experience low tide. The tidal cycle can begin with high tide. For 6 hours and 13 minutes after high tide, the tide recedes in what is known as ebb tide. 6 hours and 13 minutes following high tide is low tide. After low tide, the flood tide begins as the tide rises for the next 6 hours and 13 minutes until high tide occurs and the cycle begins again. Tides are most pronounced along the coastline of the oceans and in bays where tidal range (the difference in height between low tide and high tide) is increased due to the topography and other factors. The Bay of Fundy between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in Canada experiences the worlds greatest tidal range of 50 feet (15.25 meters). This incredible range occurs two times ever 24 hours 52 minutes so every 12 hours and 26 minutes theres a single high tide and a low tide. Northwestern Australia is also home to very high tidal ranges of 35 feet (10.7 meters). Typical coastal tide range is 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 meters). Large lakes also experience tides but the tidal range is often less than 2 inches (5 cm)! The Bay of Fundy tides are one of 30 locations worldwide where the power of tides can be harnessed to turn turbines to produce electricity. This requires tides greater than 16 feet (5 meters). In areas of higher than usual tides a tidal bore can often can be found. A tidal bore is a wall or wave of water that moves upstream (especially in a river) at the onset of high tide. When the sun, moon, and the earth are lined up, the sun and moon are exerting their strongest force together and tidal ranges are at their maximum. This is known as spring tide (spring tides are not named from the season but from spring forward) This occurs twice each month when the moon is full and new. In the first quarter and third quarter moon, the sun and moon are at a 45Â ° angle to each other and their gravitational energy is diminished. The lower than the normal tidal range that takes place at these times are called neap tides. Additionally, when the sun and moon are at perigee and are as close to the earth as they get, they exert a greater gravitational influence and produce greater tidal ranges. Alternatively, when the sun and moon as far as they get from the earth, known as apogee, tidal ranges are smaller. The knowledge of the height of tides, both low and high, is vital for many functions, including navigation, fishing, and the construction of coastal facilities.

America and It's Independent State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

America and It's Independent State - Essay Example This essay stresses that once considered for centuries to be a precious commodity, freedom and liberty were now within the grasp of those who wished to seek it for themselves and for generations to come. To have leaders that would serve those who relied upon them in such a manner that it would break away from centuries of oppression by one ruler over many whom they were supposed to be ruling. Giving way to the idea of a republic rather than a kingdom. A republic that would be united not just around one solitary ruler whose power was seen as tyrannical and totalitarian, but rather form a commanding force that would unite all of the citizenry together behind their ruling power so that they may, for the first time in history, be one people joined together under one nation. This paper makes a conclusion that a chance to live in a liberated manner that would garner them the chance to be in a free, democratic republic that would give the chance to have legal decisions for the republic made by a representing body that was chosen, in the end, â€Å"by the people & for the people.† Ultimately, what the American Independence Day meas in the end is the understanding of the importance of living in a free existence for the common good and the realization that in order to achieve such a free existence to have liberty and representation that is independent, the framers were correct in asserting that American did in fact have to declare as such.

Delegation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Delegation - Research Paper Example Proven through the example of three rural hospitals that are administrated through one person, effective delegation is essential in creating a strong organization. As well, innovative techniques can provide models from which an administrator can develop a good organization. This literature review will synthesis the information provided by five resources in order to demonstrate why delegation is vital to the health care industry. Creating solid leadership means leading the employees, rather than doing all and then becoming stressed and incapable of creating a meaningful sense of task and goal orientation. Through looking at five pieces of relevant literature, a sense of the importance of delegation in this goal can be observed. This review will expose the way that confidence and trust are key to successful team building. In creating teams that are able to perform tasks that can be delegated and distributed, an organization can build a solid foundation for successful operation. way they think it should be done, rather than utilize the skills of an employee who may not do the task the way the managers things it should be done. According to Nefer (Dec. 2008), one of the biggest mistakes a manager will make is to not delegate authority and take on too much work, thus lowering the efficiency of the department (p. 19). The manager or supervisor must remember that part of their job is to make sure that employees are delegated a sufficient number of tasks in order to create a well run department. In order to look at the way in which a manager or supervisor approaches delegation, several questions must be asked in regards to the way in which the work is being distributed. Nefer (Dec. 2008), asks the manager to examine their own performance and decide if they are delegation-phobic. The delegation phobic manager will exhibit a

Empiricism and Connie Essay Example for Free

Empiricism and Connie Essay Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman. Although Connie works hard to present the appearance of being a mature woman who is experienced with men, her encounter with Arnold reveals that this is only a performance. She has created an attractive adult persona through her clothing, hairstyle, and general behavior and gets the attention she desires from boys. But Connie confuses her ability to command attention from boys with her desire to actually have them pursue her in a sexual way. The love and romance evident in songs she listens to and images of pop culture that surround her are much different from the reality of adult sexuality. Although Connie does experiment with sexuality, such as when she goes into the alley with Eddie, she is fearful of actually becoming an adult. Arnold Friend takes her by force into adulthood, but this violent act represents a shift within Connie herself: the abandoning of childlike fantasy for the realities of being a mature woman.

The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of Discovery Essay

Before beginning the research for this work, I had planned on producing a paper and presentation which detailed the history of open sea navigation and the difficulties and dangers which would have faced sailors and seamen during the Age of Discovery. My premise was that we, living in the twentifirst century, had lost touch with the reality of just how hazardous a voyage such as that undertaken by Columbus was. I had hoped to be able to capture for the listener and reader a sense of wonder at the bold willingness to risk life and limb that was demonstrated by the explorers of this era as they left the safety of the waters and oceans that they knew, to challenge the unknown. I had wanted to capture that feeling of stomach-dropping fear that I believed these brave men must have experienced as the headlands they were leaving slipped out of sight below the horizon, possibly never to be seen again. Had I been successful in writing such a paper, I would have succeeded not in exploring history, but rather in producing fiction. Although Columbus certainly deserves recognition as being the one to truly open the way to the New World for Renaissance Europe, and all that was to follow, he was not the high-stakes risk taker that some historians would have us believe. However, neither was he the bumbling quixotic figure presented by those who, for their own reasons, attempt to present him as some sort of insane idiot, or, at best, an extremely lucky savant. What is true about Christopher Columbus is that, for the times in which he lived, he was a well read and learned geographer. Columbus was a student of navigation and sailing, and as such, his understanding of the world in which he lived was based on works previously com... ...tis: An Archaeological Odyssey (New York: Random House. 1991) Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1990) Seeds, Michael A. Horizons: Exploring the Universe (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 1998) Tagliattini, Maurizio. (1991 & 1998) Chapter 10. "Christopher Pellegrino or Christopher Columbus: A Critical Study on the Origin of Christopher Columbus" The Discovery of North America: A Documented History [Online] Available: http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/search/tagliattini.html Taylor, E. G. R. The Haven-Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook (New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. 1971) Williams, J. E. D. From Sails to Satellites: The Origin and Development of Navigational Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1992) The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of Discovery Essay Before beginning the research for this work, I had planned on producing a paper and presentation which detailed the history of open sea navigation and the difficulties and dangers which would have faced sailors and seamen during the Age of Discovery. My premise was that we, living in the twentifirst century, had lost touch with the reality of just how hazardous a voyage such as that undertaken by Columbus was. I had hoped to be able to capture for the listener and reader a sense of wonder at the bold willingness to risk life and limb that was demonstrated by the explorers of this era as they left the safety of the waters and oceans that they knew, to challenge the unknown. I had wanted to capture that feeling of stomach-dropping fear that I believed these brave men must have experienced as the headlands they were leaving slipped out of sight below the horizon, possibly never to be seen again. Had I been successful in writing such a paper, I would have succeeded not in exploring history, but rather in producing fiction. Although Columbus certainly deserves recognition as being the one to truly open the way to the New World for Renaissance Europe, and all that was to follow, he was not the high-stakes risk taker that some historians would have us believe. However, neither was he the bumbling quixotic figure presented by those who, for their own reasons, attempt to present him as some sort of insane idiot, or, at best, an extremely lucky savant. What is true about Christopher Columbus is that, for the times in which he lived, he was a well read and learned geographer. Columbus was a student of navigation and sailing, and as such, his understanding of the world in which he lived was based on works previously com... ...tis: An Archaeological Odyssey (New York: Random House. 1991) Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1990) Seeds, Michael A. Horizons: Exploring the Universe (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 1998) Tagliattini, Maurizio. (1991 & 1998) Chapter 10. "Christopher Pellegrino or Christopher Columbus: A Critical Study on the Origin of Christopher Columbus" The Discovery of North America: A Documented History [Online] Available: http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/search/tagliattini.html Taylor, E. G. R. The Haven-Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook (New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. 1971) Williams, J. E. D. From Sails to Satellites: The Origin and Development of Navigational Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1992)

Cultural nursing Essay

Australia is home to one of the most culturally diverse populations in the world, and the population continues to grow (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006). This expanding diversity creates a potpourri of cultural attitudes, beliefs and values unlike the dominant Westernised view. The cultural differences impact on how people understand and experience end-of-life in the country. Customary practices of caring for the terminally ill that permeates in most African communities differ vastly from that of Australian’s individualistic culture (Hiruy & Mwanri, 2013). African culture is of a collectivistic nature whereby autonomy is devalued and the communities or families are expected to care for the sick. As with most ethnic minority groups, this culture can become altered or suppressed when subjected to the influences of another overriding culture (Kirmayer, 2012). For these reasons, the aim of the paper is to facilitate an understanding of the process to achieve culturally competent care. This paper begins with a description of an interaction between a student nurse who held a western set of values and a patient of African origin. The paper then discusses the cultural biasness against the minority group as well as the power relationships involved resulting in the suppression of the African end of life practices. A reflective discussion regarding the best approach to deliver culturally competent care during the interaction will also be presented. Case study Talib (pseudonym) was an African man in his 80s who was transferred to the palliative care ward following an episode of cardiac arrest. When the student nurse first encountered Talib and his family, they appeared to be reserved and kept to themselves most of the time. Talib’s family took on the task of nursing Talib and refused to leave him alone even during the night shift. Talib’s family members also regularly communicated on behalf of Talib even though the patient was fluent in English. Accordingly, the student nurse’s provision of nursing care was limited. The first day of Talib’s stay on the ward also saw the arrival of over 80 visitors. In African culture, members of the community are expected to visit and pay their respects to someone nearing the end of life (Hiruy & Mwanri, 2013). This practice is especially significant in Talib’s case as he was a well-respected leader of  his community. Though the intentions of these visitors were directed by their culture, the norms of the ward did not permit such practices. Initially, the ward tried to accommodate the sudden influx of visitors. Other nurses were involved with the additional task of crowd-controlling and reminding the visitors to be considerate of other patients. As the visitors became more disruptive and unmanageable, hospital security was called in to escort them out. Moreover, the sheer number of visitors arriving to pay their respects was exhausting Talib who appeared to be fatiguing and sleeping throughout these visits. The student nurse and her preceptor discussed with the family regarding the regulation of visitors. This created conflicts within the family as Talib’s daughter felt her father needed some respite from the visitors. However, Talib’s sister wanted him to receive a send-off that was worthy of his status. The situation was contained when the student nurse and her preceptor raised the issue with the medical practitioners who imposed a restriction on the number of visitors allowed. Cultural biasness and its impact Each person is a bearer of his or her own culture, values and attitudes and hence is subjected to ethnocentric tendencies and cultural imposition (Wells, 2000). In an interview of over 90 English nurses, ethnocentric practices and cultural biasness against ethnic minority group were still reported in current nursing practices (Vydelingum, 2006). Self-assessment can pave the way to caring effectively for a patient or family from another culture as healthcare providers develop culturally sensitivity to differences (Calvillo et al., 2009). Nurses who cultivate a habit of reflecting on their own cultural values, attitudes, beliefs and practices will be more aware of the influence of their own culture on work practices (Culley, 2006). When nursing the culturally different, nurses need to perceive and understand the significance of those differences and how that can be responded to within the nursing practice. Within the Australian context, there is a focus on the empowerment of patients (Williamson & Harrison, 2010). While involving patients with healthcare discussions is a step towards attaining empowerment, this may not be the case in a collectivistic culture. Many cultures do not share the  principal value of individualism (Davis, 1999). In collectivist cultures, individuals do not concern themselves with healthcare decisions, instead family members or community are often the designated arbiters (Kanitsaki, 2003). As Talib’s cultural practice dictates that the responsibility of his care belongs to his family, the student found it difficult to engage with the patient and his family and establish a therapeutic relationship with them. The student was also frustrated at the lack of opportunities to communicate directly with Talib. She felt that she was not able to identify his healthcare needs and thus, not able to deliver any nursing care. In addition, the student nurse also received a culture shock with regards to the response of the community. The number of people who poured in to visit Talib was beyond her comprehension. Due to the lack of exposure to such encounters, the student was uncertain with regards to handling the situation. She was more familiar with her Western ways of grieving and took that as a benchmark for normalcy. This belief is fortified by other patients and their family on the ward who were mainly of Australian descent. When a person’s customs are threatened by other unfamiliar cultural practices, he or she can become defensive and dwell on their own ethnocentric values (Ruddock & Turner, 2007). Undeniably, the student nurse was affected by the incongruence in culture. She was initially puzzled but reported feeling annoyance as she saw visitors’ actions as disturbances rather than cultural practices. Power relationships Given the hierarchical nature of the health care setting, asymmetrical power is present throughout any level of relationships including organisational and individual (Ramsden, 2002). The professional culture as set out by the hospital privileges ritualised routine care, leaving little room for nurses to work in a culturally safe manner (Richardson & MacGibbon, 2010). The power imbalance further pervades at the individual level as nurses have an inherent role power over patients (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2000). This power often underpinned the nurses’ professional practices and interactions. In order for patients to receive effective healthcare, nurses have the responsibility to analyse and understand these power relationships. Power  imbalances should be managed to avoid isolating patients and promote equitable nursing care. Even so, nurses will still make the conscious decision to exercise their power as a form of domination which occurred in Talib’s situation (Galla nt, Beaulieu, & Carnevale, 2002). Power relationships in the above case study involved both the institution and the nurses which interplayed with each other. The most obvious agent of control was the institution. In the name of patient safety and enforcement of order in the ward, hospitals will put in force policies and guidelines which are carried out by the employees. This inadvertently or advertently dictates the actions of nurses and impacts on their decision-making and nursing care (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2000). The cultural need of Talib and his community, however, presented a major challenge to upholding order and control within the ward. Consequently, the cultural practice was overruled in favour of preserving the ward environment. The nurses in the case study were authorised to regulate the behaviours of patients and their visitors. Talib and his community were subjected to the nurses’ power to enforce hospital guidelines and polices when the visitors were forced out of the ward by hospital security . The decision to call in security was solely that of the nurses without any prior notice to Talib and his community. The author and her preceptor also brought up the idea of imposing restrictions on the influx of visitors to the medical practitioners. While the doctor’s order to restrict the number of visitors was made in consultation with Talib’s daughter, it was hardly the consensus of other family members. The agreement to the visitor restriction may be an attempt to avoid another confrontation with security by assimilating into the hospital culture while compromising on their cultural practice. In this manner, the African community was disempowered by both healthcare providers and institutions. Lessons learnt Culturally safe care has its basis in cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity (Phiri, Dietsch, & Bonner, 2010). The ability to be culturally sensitive is developed from openness towards cultural diversity and respect for these differences (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Appreciating the underlying forces that drive certain cultural practices can also contribute to  developing cultural sensitivity (Ramsden, 2002). Thus, for nurses to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes that are pertinent to the delivery of culturally safe care that is congruent with the patient’s needs, they have to recognise the patient’s cultural system and norms. Nurses will need to be aware of their own prejudices to circumvent stereotyping and categorising which can affect their approach towards the acceptance of culturally different end-of-life practices (Chenowethm, Jeon, Goff, & Burke, 2006). The understanding of a culture should not be confined to rituals, customs and practices of a group alone. Learning about a single aspect of one culture does not provide insight into the complexity of people’s behaviours their cultural realities (Duffy, 2001). In reality, culture is complicated and difficult to define. In order to maintain cultural safety and accommodate for cultural differences without disregarding diversity and individual considerations, nurses have to move away from a checklist approach to provision of care (Peiris, Brown, & Cass, 2008). Individual variations exist within each ethnic group. Talib’s daughter decided to put the health of her father above that of her cultural practices and against the wishes of other family members. Therefore, nurses have to tailor their care accordingly while respecting the overall cultural-defined norms and allowing for those individual differences. Provision of culturally competent care Culturally competent care is supported by both communication and recognition of diversity within and between groups of culture (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011). In line with this concept, Andrews and Boyle proposed that nurses need to possess certain skills in order to deliver culturally competent care (Andrews & Boyle, 2008). Cultural self-assessment and addressing communication needs are two of the skills that are applicable to this case study. When caring for culturally diverse patients, nurses have a higher tendency to display inadequacy in their communication (Donnelly, 2000). Misconceptions regarding these patients can arise, leading to a lack of respect for those with cultural values different from one’s own. This was manifested by the student nurse who was in effect demonstrating ethnocentrism. She made a fallible judgment of viewing Talib’s cultural  practices from the dominant cultural lens. By believing that the only way to identify Talib’s healthcare needs was through the patient without considering his family and community was characteristic of an individualistic view. In addition, the student nurse’s ethnocentric view of Western bereavement culture as proper and rational, while the African culture was disruptive was indicative of a racist undertone. It was important to acknowledge the patient’s ownership and control over their cultural knowledge, customs and beliefs and recognise these as the reality (Karnilowicz, 2011). The student nurse should have communicated with Talib’s family members with regards to their needs as they are the main decision makers in Talib’s health care. In addition, the nurses took matters into their own hands by deciding to impose visitor restrictions and kicking the visitors out. A more culturally sensitive method is to discuss with Talib’s family as they may be able to negotiate and control their v isitors in a way that is less degrading than expelling them from the ward. Conclusion Culture has a pronounced influence on how patients, their families and healthcare providers view end-of-life experiences. Understanding the cultural differences could enhance the cultural competence and culturally safe practices of nurses. This article has attempted to illuminate some of the cultural differences displayed by Africans living in Australia and how these may lead to diverged end of life needs in these communities. These differences have implications for how appropriate palliative care can be provided to them. Before attempting to accommodate to those differences, it is imperative that nurses possess cultural awareness through recognising their own cultural realities and prejudices. Understanding the power relations played out in the hospital setting is a step towards enhancing the implementation of culturally safe care. Apart from the inherent dominance nurses have over patients, institutions also have bearing over how nurses exert these powers leading to suppression of certain cultural practices. It is necessary for systems and individuals to learn about the customary beliefs of the patient and avoid generalising patients who belong to the same culture as individual differences exist. By acknowledging the various cultures and their norms, it is anticipated that the provision of culturally competent end-of-life care to these ethnic minority groups can be attained. Reference Andrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2008). Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Calvillo, E., Clark, L., Ballantyne, J. E., Pacquiao, D., Purnell, L. D., & Villarruel, A. M. (2009). Cultural competency in baccalaureate nursing education. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(2), 137-145. Campinha-Bacote, J. (2003). Many faces: Addressing diversity in health care. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 8(1), 3. Chenowethm, L., Jeon, Y. H., Goff, M., & Burke, C. (2006). Cultural competency and nursing care: an Australian perspective. International Nursing Review, 53(1), 34-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006.00441.x Culley, L. (2006). Transcending transculturalism? Race, ethnicity and health-care. Nursing inquiry, 13(2), 144-153. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00311.x Davis, A. J. (1999). Global influence of American nursing: Some ethical issues. Nursing Ethics, 6(2), 118-125. Donnelly, P. L. (2000). Ethics and cross-cultural nursing. Journ al of Transcultural Nursing, 11(2), 119-126. Duffy, M. E. (2001). A critique of cultural education in nursing. Journal of advanced nursing, 36(4), 487-495. Gallant, M. H., Beaulieu, M. C., & Carnevale, F. A. (2002). Partnership: An analysis of the concept within the nurse–client relationship. Journal of advanced nursing, 40(2), 149-157. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02357.x Hiruy, K., & Mwanri, L. (2013). End-of-life experiences and expectations of Africans in Australia: Cultural implications for palliative and hospice care. Nursing Ethics. doi: 10.1177/0969733012475252 Kanitsaki, O. (2003). Foreword – Transcultural nursing and challenging the status quo. Contemporary Nurse, 15(3), v-x. doi: 10.5172/conu.15.3.v Karnilowicz, W. (2011). Identity and psychological ownership in chronic illness and disease state. European journal of cancer care, 20(2), 276-282. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2010.01220.x Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in m ental health: epistemic communities and the politics of pluralism. Social Science & Medicine, 75(2), 249-256. Kuokkanen, L., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2000). Power and empowerment in nursing: Three theoretical approaches. Journal of  advanced nursing, 31(1), 235-241. National Health and Medical Research Council. (2006). Cultural competency in health: A guide for policy, partnerships and participation. Canberra, Australia: Retrieved from http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/hp19.pdf. Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2011). Guidelines for cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in nursing and midwifery education and practice. Wellington: Nursing Council of New Zealand. Peiris, D., Brown, A., & Cass, A. (2008). Addressing inequities in access to quality health care for indigenous people. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 179(10), 985-986. Phiri, J., Dietsch, E., & Bonner, A. (2010). Cultural safety and its importance for Australian midwifery practice. Collegian, 17(3), 105-111. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.11.001 Ramsden, I. (2002). Cultural safety and nursing education in Aote aroa and Te Waipounamu. Doctor of Philosophy, Victoria University of Wellington. Richardson, F., & MacGibbon, L. (2010). Cultural safety: Nurses’ account of negotiating the order of things. New Zealand Women’s Studies Journal, 24(2), 54-65. Ruddock, H. C., & Turner, D. S. (2007). Developing cultural sensitivity: Nursing students’ experiences of a study abroad programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(4), 361-369. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04312.x Vydelingum, V. (2006). Nurses’ experiences of caring for South Asian minority ethnic patients in a general hospital in England. Nursing Inquiry, 13(1), 23-32. Wells, M. I. (2000). Beyond cultural competence: A model for individual and institutional cultural development. Journal of community health nursing, 17(4), 189-199. Williamson, M., & Harrison, L. (2010). Providing culturally appropriate care: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 761-769. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .ijnurstu.2009.12.012

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay

Resources Sharing – Concepts of Resource Sharing A multi user operating system can support more that one user at a time, this means that multiple users can share the same system resources simultaneously. The users of a multi user operating system can share both hardware and software resources, the operating system carries out complicated routines to manage all the processes that the users are running. – List of shared resources: – * Hardware CPU Power, RAM, Hard drive, Peripherals (printer, Scanner, CD ROM) Other peripherals may be made available in a MUOS for users who require them (Floppy disk drive, Speakers, Head Phones, Video Cameras etc.) * Software – Scheduler Software (needed to manage and prioritise tasks). – Batch Job Some processes take a long time to complete and can often disturb other computer tasks that are important. A Batch Job is a file that does not require any user interaction, so it is set up to run a number of processes at a later time, often late at night. One example is overnight maintenance at a bank when they update all the accounts so it will not disrupt the other processes during the day. Multi-Tasking – Concepts of multi-tasking Multi tasking is when the operating system switches between tasks at a very high speed, it can sometimes seem as though it is performing more than one task at a time. For example, a user could be printing and typing at the same time, and listening to a CD. Many users can access the same resources at (what appears to be) the same time. One disadvantage of this is that it requires a great deal of memory and the processes may run slower. The two types of multi-tasking are co-operative and pre-emptive: * Pre-emptive – This is when the applications are forced to give up the CPU after a certain length of time so that the other processes get an equal share of CPU time. (time-sliced). * Co-operative multi-tasking is when it is the current running tasks responsibility to share the CPU to the other processes. One task must finish before the other starts. It is called Co-operative because all the tasks must co-operate for this type of processing to work and there is no time limit on each task. (Round Robin). – Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage of Pre-emptive multi-tasking is that some important tasks may be allocated a more time slices so it will not be stalled by other smaller tasks. A disadvantage of both types of multi-tasking is that it requires a large amount of memory to work properly. Background Processing – Concepts of background / foreground processing When a task will require a long time to process and requires no user input e.g. downloading a large file from the internet, it can be processed later when the computer is not processing other tasks. Background processing is often used in banks and businesses to process the customer’s accounts at the end of each day, the operating system can be left to run the process overnight or when the CPU is not currently being used by a task that requires a great deal of processing. – Unix command to run background processing Control-Z = Leave process running in background bg = Continue process at background Control-C = move foreground process to background Fg = move the process to foreground – Example of a background process If you need to run a large print job, e.g. printing out one hundred copies of a Workbook for a group of students, it can be set as a background process and will only use CPU power when other tasks are not running. Types of Multi-User Operating System Multi-Processor – More than one CPU Multi user operating systems can sometimes have more that one processor. In some expensive operating systems it is possible to connect more CPUs to the system and have them work together to execute tasks. Multiprocessing can significantly reduce the time taken to execute each process. An operating system with multiple processors can perform different tasks separately or a task can be split up and processed by different CPUs. – Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage is that multi processing systems can be very speedy at completing tasks. A disadvantage is that this type of system is very expensive. Time-Sliced As multi user operating systems share resources, different processes can require different amounts of time. It is possible and to interrupt a large process so that a smaller process to be completed. If you were using a time slicing system then the processor will switch between processes at timed intervals (Pre-emptive). The amount of time allocated to each process is called a time slice. The length of time given for each time-slice is allocated by a program called a scheduler. – An advantage is that larger or more important processes may be given more time slices than a smaller task so it can be completed, however this could also be a disadvantage if there are many users executing smaller tasks as they will take longer to be finished. Distributed The distributed system is where a number of systems are connected through a Local Area Network. This can be more powerful than a single processor system and it is capable of online sharing. Hardware Components Processor – The CPU is the brain of the operating system. It responds to and processes and instructions that control the computer. The control unit in a CPU controls everything which happens within, the ALU does calculations and is responsible for decision making and the accumulator stores the last data that was decoded for future processes. There are various registers within the CPU, they are the instruction register, which holds the instruction that is being decoded, the program counter stores what part of the program we have reached, the memory address register points to the location where data is being fetched or written and the memory data register is a storage area for data that is currently being transferred between the memory and the CPU. – The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle has three important stages. * FETCH – The CPU collects an instruction from the RAM * DECODE – The control unit figures out what to do with it. * EXECUTE – The instruction is carried out – The speed of an FDE cycle depends on how fast the processor is (the length of time it takes for the signals to be sent to the control bus, and how many T-cycles each assembly instruction takes to execute. Memory Random Access Memory is sometimes known as ‘main memory’. RAM is volatile, which means it loses all the stored information when the power is cut off. Some computers also use virtual memory, which is stored in the hard drive but acts like RAM, this is much slower than physical memory. Another type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM) which can be written to but cannot be erased. Data Storage Devices – Floppy disk – can be written to and erased, 1.44Mb – CD ROM – Can be written to but not erased, 700Mb – Hard Drive – stores many Gigabytes, can be written to and erased – Zip Drive – can be written to and erased, 100 – 250Mb Terminals – Dumb Terminal – A dumb terminal has no processing capabilities as they have no memory or processor of their own, it has only a monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are connected to a central processor. – Intelligent Terminal – An intelligent terminal contains memory and a CPU and is a standalone device. It only has to connect to the central processor when needed. – Command to find terminal type – terminfo Input / Output Devices Dumb Terminal – Input – keyboard and mouse. – Output – monitor Intelligent Terminal – Input – keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen. – Output – monitor, printer, speakers Software Components Kernel The Kernel is the heart of the operating system, the lowest level or the central part. Communication with the hardware is through the kernel. In multi user operating systems it is the kernel’s job to keep each process and user separate and to organize access to the system hardware, including CPU, memory, disk and other I/O devices. Device Handlers A device is any piece if hardware that is used in an operating system. A device handler is a piece of software within the operating system that communicates with the devices and tells them what to do. This is part of the operating system that is responsible for servicing requests of the device request queue. Spoolers (Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line) Spooling is used when data is waiting to go to an output device after it has been processed. The data is placed into a queue so that the CPU can process something else instead of having to slow down to the speed of the output device. Spoolers are used on mainly old devices e.g. old printers that can only handle one job at a time User Interface This is how the user can view the data within the operating system. The main types of user interfaces are; the graphical user interface e.g. Windows and Command driven interface e.g. MS DOS and standard UNIX. The CDI was more complicated to use than a GUI as you would have to know certain commands to do very basic tasks. Bibliography Index http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system1.htm http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://www.canberra.edu.au/~sam/whp/unix-cmd.html http://cm.bell-labs.com/

Telecommunication Engineering Standards essay

Telecommunication Engineering Standards essay Telecommunication Engineering Standards essay Telecommunication Engineering Standards essayThe development of telecommunication engineering standards is pivotal for contemporary telecommunication systems because they have to be balanced and compatible with each other. The introduction of engineering standards in telecommunication systems helps to develop those systems effectively and successfully because common standards create conditions for the create conditions for the development of homogeneous telecommunication systems, which can interact with each other successfully.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In actuality, telecommunication engineering standards are established by the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA), which operates internationally and establish international standards. The introduction of international standards helps to develop common norms and principles applied internationally. In this regard, it is possible to single out the major engineering committees of TIA that determine telecommunica tion standards. For example, TR-8  Mobile and Personal Private Radio Standards is the committee that  develops  public safety  and radio equipment standards (Tanenbaum 125). Engineers should match those standards which focus on safety and information protection as the main priorities for engineers working with telecommunication systems.TR-14  Point-to-Point Communications Systems develops  cellular tower  structure standards, which are particularly important today, when mobile phones have become an integral part of the life of the modern society (Silva 201). TR-14 establishes standards for cellular tower structure, which determines the development of telecommunication systems providing mobile phone connection and related services. TR-30  Multi-Media Access, Protocols and Interfaces  develops  terminal equipment  standards, which engineers should take into consideration, while developing the terminal equipment for telecommunication systems (Viardot 136). In such a way, engineers should match those standards to create reliable and compatible terminal equipment. TR-34  Satellite Equipment Systems  develops satellite equipment standards for  DVB-S  and  Quality of service  (QoS) over IP protocols (Simmonds, Sandilands, van Ekert 319). These standards involve space technologies and help to develop reliable and safe standards of telecommunication systems used in the space industry. TR-41  User Premises Telecommunications Requirements  develops analog telephone,  digital telephone, and  VoIP  standards (Tanenbaum 165). In fact, these standards are still important, instead of the steady replacement of analog telephones by mobile ones. TR-42  Telecommunications Cabling Systems develops  structured cabling (fiber optic,  copper) and  data center  standards (Simmonds, Sandilands, van Ekert 321). These standards are particularly important today, when data transmission has become pivotal for international as well as national telecommunication systems. TR-45  Mobile and Personal Communications Systems Standards  develops  CDMA  and  WiMax  air interface  and  cellular  standards (Viardot 145). These standards are relatively new and open new perspectives for the development of effective telecommunication systems that facilitate the use of internet and phone connection. TR-47  Terrestrial Mobile Multimedia Multicast develops multimedia multicast standards based on the  DVB-H  protocol and  Forward Link Only  technology (Peters 133). These standards are helpful for the development of multimedia multicast standards that facilitate the development of telecommunication systems and improve the quality of communication. TR-48  Vehicular Telematics  develops  telematics  data transmission standards for vehicle manufacturers and fleet management (Peters 141). These standards open new opportunities for the development of vehicles involving the use of modern telecommunica tion systems. In such a way, these standards help to bring telecommunication systems to vehicles expanding the scope of application of telecommunication systems.TR-49  Healthcare ICT develops healthcare standards related to telecommunications networks (Macario 194). These standards are particularly important for the development of effective telecommunication systems within health care environment. For example, the introduction of electronic health records raises the problem of the adoption of effective and reliable standards that can secure telecommunication systems and provide them with effective solutions to enhance the quality of data transmission and to increase the data protection. TR-50  M2M-Smart Device Communications   develops  machine-to-machine  standards for enabling IP-enabled communication between devices and servers (Tanenbaum 169). These standards help to develop internet and related telecommunication systems. They help to enhance the performance of telecom munication systems and enhance the performance of IP-enabled communication systems. TR-51  Smart Utility Networks develops utility  mesh network  standards for enabling communication between metering device nodes and utility company systems (Tanenbaum 174). The development of smart utility networks helps to introduce network standards that are crucial for the communication between metering device nodes that open new opportunities for the development of effective and reliable telecommunication systems.In fact, the introduction of telecommunication engineering standards in the modern environment contributes to the development of compatible telecommunication systems. Engineers should take into consideration those standards to match international norms and standards and create systems that can operate at the national and international level. The enhancement of modern telecommunication systems facilitates the development of effective communication. The modern telecommunication syst ems require the development of effective system.Thus, the development of international telecommunication engineering standards by TIA is essential for the effective and reliable telecommunication systems. The development of effective telecommunication systems contributes to the enhancement of the international communication as well as national communication making physical barriers to disappear.

Ask Yourself Are You Happy In Your Current Job

Ask Yourself Are You Happy In Your Current Job You’re happy to have a job, of course. But are you really happy in your job? If you want the best of all worlds- i.e. to live to work rather than work to live, then maybe it’s time to ask yourself whether you are actually happy where you are- or whether you could be happier somewhere else, doing something else. Have no idea how to figure this one out? Try asking yourself the following questions.1. What do you care about?Step one is to identify your passion. Figure out what gets you really jazzed up. It might be in a whole different career field entirely- you’ll never know until you do the soul searching necessary to find out. What do you enjoy? Writing? Working as a group? Working with your hands? No idea is too stupid. Figure out what really makes you excited and then figure out how to pursue it as a second step.2. What do you do best?Identifying your strengths is a good next step. Can any of them work laterally? For example, can you move to a slightly different field or totally different position that’s more suited to what you really care about purely by repurposing the skills you already have? Think a bit differently about what you can actually do- not just what you’ve studies and what you’ve been doing.3. Are you proud of your company?Does the company culture make you feel great about working where you do? Is this a challenging environment that also offers rewards and some degree of fulfillment? If you can’t excel where you are, and are not empowered to achieve your very best, then you might consider moving around.4. How’s your boss?This actually makes a massive difference. If you have a good rapport and a relationship built on mutual respect and trust, that goes a very long way toward job satisfaction. If your boss isn’t helping you to grow, then perhaps your happiness will suffer.5. What’s your role?Are you part of the solution? In the challenges facing your company and the world, does your position matter? Does the work you do every day make active gains in working toward an answer? Or do you feel like you’re irrelevant- or just part of the problem? Look back at your job description. Is your role part of the company’s boarder mission? Are you doing work that includes what made you excited to work there in the first place? Or just pushing paper and twiddling your thumbs?6. Is your network growing?A good job is one that will help you to expand your network? If you’re constantly meeting new people and being inspired and challenged by what the other people in your industry are doing, you’ll be much less bored where you are. You might even have a great lead for where to end up next!7. How’s communication?Start paying attention to how your company communicates- with everyone. This includes the interview process. Are people personable? Professional? Punctual with responses to questions and their share of the work? Are the bosses totall y hands off, or does everyone feel like they have a stake in the mission at hand? How are you and others evaluated? Fairly? Constructively?8. How do your colleagues feel?If everyone else is wildly thrilled where they are at your company, and you’ve determined that you’re at least in the right field or job, then perhaps there are deeper problems with your lack of satisfaction than can be fixed by switching careers. But if you uncover a lot of similar gripes to yours? It might be time to go back to Step 1 and start thinking about where you might go next.

Persuasive Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

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My career plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My career plan - Essay Example Despite the fact that the pay in civil engineering is not my ultimate motivation into the career, the basic salary as of present for a civil engineer is 80,000$ and I can comfortably say that it is a well-paying career. To add to this a civil engineer can be in charge of various projects and this will compliment salary and this clearly shows that it is a good career as I will be able to pay my bills. Moreover, when I get to open my own company I am assured of good income as there are many projects to be initiated and the likelihood for me getting some is high given the civil engineering background my dad set.  Certification in civil engineering is also important and I will have to get licensed so that I can be able to be given government projects. In addition to this, as I plan to start my own company I will have to be recognized by the government, which I plan to achieve by getting all the necessary licenses. I plan to get exposure to the working conditions for civil engineers in the United States so that I can get exposed to the situations they face every day. I plan to look for internships and get the technical skills required to venture into the job market as an experienced engineer with ready solutions to the challenges and situations I face on the job. I realize that I have challenges to face given that I am a freshman and I am dedicated to ensuring that I am confident enough to go past the challenges and attain my degree after which I will follow in my career path to being one of the best civil engineers.

The various leadership styles and theories

The various leadership styles and theories The various leadership styles and theories 1. Introduction: This study focuses on the various leadership styles and theories developed over the years. In this report, an attempt has been made to study the leadership style of Willie Walsh, CEO of British Airways. The analysis highlights a number of limitations in his leadership and hence there is scope for improvement. Companys success is purely based on the type of leadership it acquires. A good leader leads its organization towards it mission with this leadership skills and thinking power. According to Kouzes and Posner (2003), leadership is a reciprocal process between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow. They talk about the leader possessing the following ten commitments. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) 1. Find your voice by clarifying your personal values. 2. Set the example by aligning actions with shared values 3. Envision the future by imagining exciting and ennobling possibilities 4. Enlist others in a common vision by appealing to shared aspirations 5. Search for opportunities by seeking innovative ways to change, grow and improve 6. Experiment and take risks by constantly generating small wins and learning from mistakes 7. Foster collaboration by promoting cooperative goals and building trust 8. Strengthen others by sharing power and discretion 9. Recognize contribution by showing appreciation for individual excellence 10. Celebrate the values and victories by creating a spirit of community. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) British Airways: British Airways is the flag raising carrier airline of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are located in Waterside near London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick airport. BA is the largest airline in the UK based on the number of international flights, international destinations covered and the fleet size. BA celebrated its 90th anniversary on 25 August 2009 (1, www.britishairways.com, 2nd Dec 2009). Currently, the company is facing the toughest time in the history. BA is currently facing severe financial crises since inception and putting its best effort to overcome from this situation. Willie Walsh: Willie Walsh is currently the CEO of British Airways. He succeeded Rod Eddington in May 2005 as Chief Executive Designated. He also holds a number of positions on Honorary Board Member of Flight Safety International, President of the Heathrow Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, an honorary Member of The Aviation Club and a Member of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (UK). (2, www.bashares.com, 2nd Dec 2009) Willie Walsh started as a pilot trainee at the age of 17 with Aer Lingus in 1979. He earned his degree from Dublins Trinity College in Business Administration. He was promoted from the position of cadet to captain, and eventually turned himself to don a business suit by turning around the airlines troubled Spanish charter operation, Futura. He was elected as Aer Lingus chief operating officer in 2000 and then became CEO the year after (4, www.businessweek.com, 2nd Dec 2009). When Aer Lingus was making huge losses in 2000, Willie Walsh returned as the CEO of the company. He took a number of decisions which not only brought company back to profit but also establish as a leading airline company standing with rivals such as Raynair and Easyjet. But soon after his departure, the company again went down. 2. Business Context: British airways was started on 25th August 1919 with the forerunner company named Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (ATT), and launched a worlds first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris. British Airways went through a long time of reformation and finally a group was formed in 1974 named as British Airways (4, www.britishairways.com, 05 Dec 2009). Willie Walsh joined BA in Oct 2005 and company made good profits under him. However, BA was reported as having lost most luggages as compared to the other European airlines in the same year. In 2007, BA was involved in the fuel surcharge price fixing and BA was fined  £270 million for the same. As a result, BAs image took a beating but in spite of this, BA saw profit of  £875 million and achieved the long held goal of a 10% operating margin in 2008. He was offered a bonus for the same which he publically rejected. In the current financial year, BA has reported loss of  £358 millions. The graph shows the performance of BAs under Willie Walsh leadership (British Airways Annual reports, 2004-2009). Currently BA is facing toughest time in the aviation history and being the CEO of the company, Willie is expected to lead the company out of this current situation as he had successfully done at Aer Lingus. 3. Literature Review: Due to high rivalry in business, it is necessary for the companies to have effective leaders which can lead the organization successfully. There are various leadership theories which are developed over the years by different researchers. These theories are Contingency theory, Great Man theory, Trait theory and Michigan theory, Transformational and Transactional Theory. An attempt has been made to explain these theories. Contingency Theory: This theory states that there is no best and ideal way to lead the organization since one best leading style is some time not effective in other situation. This theory is similar as the situational theory. Leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leaders diagnosis and understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. (Ogbonna and Lloyd, 2000, p.767). Only difference is that view of contingency theory is much broader however, situational theory focus more on the behaviour that leader should adopt. The leaders ability to lead does depend upon various situational factors and leader should adapt to the situation according to the organizational environment. Trait Theory: This theory states that some people are born with traits and have certain innate qualities which differentiate them from other non-leaders. This theory is identified by Stogdill in 1974 and he identified traits and skills as to critical leaders. According to (Stogdill, 1974), these qualities are perfectly suited for leadership. Following are the traits and skills identified by Stogdill. Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled source: Stogdill (1974) McCall and Lombardo (1983) have researched on both success and failure and have found following four primary traits for success or derail of leaders: Emotional stability and composure: Calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress McCall and Lombardo (1983) Admitting error: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up McCall and Lombardo (1983). Good interpersonal skills: Able to communicate and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics McCall and Lombardo (1983). Intellectual breadth: Able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow-minded) area of expertise McCall and Lombardo (1983). Great man Theory: Great man theory describes that the leaders are not made, they are born. It states that the leader will arise when there is need of them. The examples of the same are people like Jesus, Moses, Mohammed and the Buddha who had ability and charisma to motivate the people. They are adopted by the people without any interruption. These types of leaders are already having the power of being motivational and they know how to lead people. Michigan Theory: According to Michigan studies conducted in 1950 in Michigan University, Leaders could be divided in to three types: (1) Task oriented behaviour (2) Relationship Oriented Behaviour and (3) Participative Behaviour. Task oriented behaviour- In this category; leaders concentrated more on arranging, dividing the work among their subordinates rather than making relations with them. They concentrated on the activities like planning, arranging resource and planning the tasks for their subordinates. Relationship oriented behaviour- The leaders who fall into this category not only concentrated on the task to done but also on making relationship with their subordinates. They took interest in solving the personal matters and helped them to set goal for their career of their subordinates. Participative leadership- The Participative leaders included their peers into their decisions like team members. These leaders are observed as good leaders and found facilitative rather than directive in solving problems. These kinds of leaders are more effective for teams instead of individuals. Transformational and Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders are known to be as instrumental and regularly focus on exchange relationship with their peers (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Burns (1978) was the first who bring transformational and transactional theories in focus. This style of leadership is adopted by the leaders who want to see people working with full enthusiasm. The leaders who fall in this category motivate the employees and subordinates. These leaders are enthusiastic, energetic and they have a passion for their profession. They care about the people working under them and want them to succeed. However, according to Yukl (1999), Organizational processes get insufficient attention in most theories of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders seek to transform themselves and motivate the colleagues and work towards the changing the organizational culture in line with their vision (Bass, 1985). Whereas, Transactional leaders are argued to be visionary and enthusiastic, with an inherent ability to motivate subordinates (Bycio et al., 1995; Howell and Avolio, 1993) under this style of leadership, people are motivated by rewards and punishments depending on their performance. Transactional leader simply wants the people to take full responsibility of their work. If we compared transactional style to transformational style then it can be said that transformational style is selling style but transactional is the telling. 4. Critical Analysis Willie Walsh has taken some decisions which lead the company to growth. He leads BA with his own decisions and he tries to turn the company on his own way. For example, he took decision to open T5 but this lead to complete havoc on the first day. His decisions made lead organization to pay for it. According to the contingency theory, a good Leader should adopt the situation and according to transformational theory, an ideal leader should accept the participation of the subordinates. Since Willie Walsh takes his decision alone, he falls into the category of transactional leader and according to our group study and analysis about Willie Walsh, he as adopted all characteristics of transactional style of leadership. He expects more from his subordinates and tries to take the decision on his own and he dont involve his sub ordinate into his decisions in odd situations. He makes them work with rewards and punishments. Despite of that, It doesnt mean that Willie Walsh is a bad leader or is a type of leader that a organization should not have. According to the trait theory, Willie Walsh has some traits and skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is always alert about social environment, he is ambitious and achievement oriented, he is assertive, decisive, dominant, energetic, self-confident and tolerant of stress. With this, he has got the some skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is clever, intelligent, creative, diplomatic fluent in speaking, socially skilled. This make is as an exception of the leaders. As per our observation, Willie Walsh is leading the organization with his transactional style. It has been observed that the transactional leadership doesnt work for long time. It is true that Willie Walsh made Aer Lingus from loss making air lines to as most profitable air lines in only one year with his style and own made decisions but if we see the annual data of the Aer Lingus then it clearly shows that Aer Lingus didnt make that profit in continues years. By cutting the cost, job cuts, selling company core assets and making the air line a low cost air line would be the best way to make it profit at that moment but it didnt last for long time. Below is given a chart for data for Aer Lingus as evidence (Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006). Figure 2: Performance graph of Aer Lingus from 2004 to 2009 (data taken from Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006) It is clear that Aer Lingus made profit in 2002 and 2003 but after that it made very low profit in 2004. 5. Conclusion: To conclude the whole discussion, I would like to say that Willie Walshs working style is mixture of various leadership styles and there is not such way to explain this type of style. Sometime his decisions take the company on the top but sometimes company has to pay for that. He has the ability to take British Airways to overcome the loss it is currently making. Currently his style of leadership is autocratic who does not involve others into his decision and he believe on himself. Willie Walsh currently has an autocratic image in public and known to be as Darth Vader. He needs to change his leadership style and way of working. We see a good and charismatic leader in him but he needs to improve himself so his sub ordinate can support him in order to make the British Airways success. He needs to bring all other employees into the consideration so that decisions can be made by involvement of all the employees. He took some decision to make the company profit by selling old assets and making Aer Lingus a low cost flight, but it has been observed that that success was for a short span of time. After some time Aer Lingus went into the loss. His decision not always make profit for the organization, sometime company has to pay for his transactional decision. We see sometime leader who takes the harsh decisions can be the good leader but those are successful in some particular cases only. Willie Walsh also falls into this category since he had made Aer Lingus a profitable organization in the past. But this style is not relevant for all kind of situations. He has to adopt the style of situational leader or transformational leader in order to tackle the current situation in British Airways. He needs to change himself according to the required situation. Currently British Airways needs a leader or a leadership style that can bring whole company together and take to the peak of success. In my point of view, an ideal leader is the one who know how to make all of his subordinate work together and how to make the company making success. According to me, Willie Walsh needs to change himself to understand the emotions of his peers so that a good and brave decision can be implemented to make the British Airways success. 6. Reflections: If I Compare Willie Walsh with my previous manager then there is very much difference in the working style of leadership which both acquire. My previous managers style of leadership is a mixture of transformational and situational leadership. He changes himself according to the situation then makes wise decisions to make the team success. Willie Walsh does not involve his sub ordinates into his decisions, whereas, my previous leader used to involve his entire sub ordinates into his decision through team meetings. There was a very transparent working hierarchy in the team and organization I worked for. His way of treating the team members amazing and he used to communicate with them in a regular interval of time. He is a situational leader since he proved this by taking some decision according to the situation to make success and those decisions were proved to be the best decision sometimes. He always involved his colleagues by meeting with them and arrange meeting for project discussion. My previous company has many centers in India and sometime employees have to work from different locations. In that case also he used to arrange the meeting over voip calls so that we can bring our views in his notice. My previous manager has some qualities of charismatic leaders and he always comes in to public to confess his mistake. He was a strong and brave manager like Willie Walsh and he took his decisions without any fear like Willie Walsh but leadership style of both very different. In this study I understand how leadership styles changes leader to leader and organization to organization. I understand that the leader will play a very important role in making a organization success and if leader is ready to change then it is possible to take a company from feet to the peak of success. 7. Bibliography: Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture, Public Administration Quarterly, 17 (1) pp. 112-17 Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York: The Free Press. Bycio, P., Hackett, R.D. and Allen, J.S. (1995) Further Assessments of Basss (1985) Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80 (4) pp. 468-78 Howell, J.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Locus of Control and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 pp. 891-902 Huczynsky A. A. and Buchanan D. A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour. 6th edn. Essex: Prentice Hall. Kouzes, J. and posner, B. (2003) leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-bass, pp. 22 McCall, M.W. Jr. and Lombardo, M.M. (1983) Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed. Greensboro: Centre for Creative Leadership. Ogbonna, E. and Lloyd, C. H. (2000) Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies, Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 11 (4) Stogdill, R.M. (1974) Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press. Yukl, G., (1999) An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories, The Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2) pp. 285-305 Annual reports of British Airways (2004-2009) Annual reports of Aer Lingus (2000-2006) Web references: 1. British Airways (2009) History and heritage: celebrating 90 years with pride. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/history-and-heritage/public/en_gb [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 2. British Airways (2009) Biography: Willie Walsh chief executive. Available at: http://www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govBioID=135180 [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 3. British Airways (2009) History and Heritage: Explore our past. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/explore-our-past/public/en_gb [Accessed on 05 dec 2009]. 4. Business Week (2005) Willie Walsh: Chief Executive, British Airways, Britain. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935411.htm [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009].